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【語齋.翻譯】數(shù)九寒天，冬至大如年，“冬至”英語怎么說？

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今日冬至，大家吃餃子了嗎？冬至是中國農(nóng)歷中一個重要的節(jié)氣，也是中華民族的一個傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，那么“冬至”用英語怎么說呢?我們一起來學習吧。

冬至，“至”是極致的意思，冬藏之氣至此而極。

The energy (qi) stored in winter reaches its peak on Dong Zhi or the winter solstice (Zhi means to the greatest level or extent).

陰極之至，陽氣始生，日南至，日短之至，日影長之至，故曰「冬至」。早在二千五百多年前的春秋時代，中國就已經(jīng)用土圭觀測太陽，測定出了冬至，它是二十四節(jié)氣中最早制訂出的一個，時間在每年的陽歷12月21日至23日之間，這一天是北半球全年中白天最短、夜晚最長的一天。

The energy (qi) of Yang begins to grow when Yin is at its greatest. Days are of the shortest duration, and shadows are of the longest length when the sun is at its most southern position. Thus it is ‘winter solstice’. Earthen sundials were used in China as early as 2500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period to observe the sun, and measure and determine the winter solstice. The winter solstice is the earliest formulated solar term of the 24 solar terms. It occurs every year between December 21st and 23rd on the solar calendar. This is the day on the northern hemisphere with the least amount of daytime and greatest amount of nighttime in the entire year.

中國古代把冬至分為三候：“一候蚯蚓結(jié)，二候麋角解，三候水泉動�！眰髡f蚯蚓是陰曲陽伸的生物，冬至之后，陽氣雖已生長，但陰氣仍然十分強盛，土中的蚯蚓仍然蜷縮著身體；麋與鹿同科，卻陰陽不同，古人認為麋的角朝后生，所以為陰，而冬至一陽生，麋感陰氣漸退而解角；由于陽氣初生，所以山中的泉水可以流動并且溫熱。

Winter was separated into three periods in ancient China: “In the first period earthworms curl up. In the second period elk antlers fall off. In the third period spring water flows.” Legend has it that earthworms curl up when the energy of Yin increases. Though the energy (qi) of Yang is already growing after the winter solstice, the energy (qi) of Yin is still very powerful. The earthworms in the soil still curl up their bodies. Elk and deer are of the same family, but have different Yin and Yang attributes. The ancients believed that elk antlers grew backwards, therefore elk antlers were Yin. Elk feel the energy (qi) of Yin gradually dissipating when Yang grows after the winter solstice and then their antlers fall off. Spring waters in mountains begin to flow and turn warm due to the renewal of the energy (qi) of Yang.

冬至節(jié)

中國古代有一種說法，“冬至與春節(jié)一樣重要�！�

here was a saying in ancient China, "The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival."

早在周朝(公元前11世紀-公元前256年)，人們就在冬至的第一天祭拜神靈，也就是新年的第一天。

As early as the Zhou Dynasty (c.11th century-256BC), people worshipped the gods on the first day of the Winter Solstice, which also was the first day of the new year.

冬至在漢代(公元前206年-公元220年)成為一個冬季節(jié)日。慶�；顒诱浇M織。在這一天，官員和老百姓都會休息。

The Winter Solstice became a winter festival during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220AD). The celebratory activities were officially organized. On this day, both officials and common people would have a rest.

在隨后的朝代，如唐(618-907)，宋(960-1279)和清(1644-1911)，冬至是祭天和祭祖的日子。

During subsequent dynasties, such as the Tang (618-907), Song (960-1279) and Qing dynasties (1644-1911), the Winter Solstice was a day to offer sacrifices to Heaven and to ancestors.

氣候特點

冬至天文學上把冬至作為冬季的開始，對于我國多數(shù)地區(qū)來說，顯然偏遲。冬至期間，西北高原平均氣溫普遍在0℃以下，南方地區(qū)也只有6℃至8℃左右。西南低海拔河谷地區(qū)，即使在當?shù)刈罾涞?月上旬，平均氣溫仍然在10℃以上，可謂秋去春來，全年無冬。

The winter solstice is designated as the beginning of winter in astronomy. There are clear differences in climate during the winter solstice in many regions of China. The northwestern plateaus have an average temperature below 0℃ during the winter solstice. Southern regions have temperatures of only around 6℃ to 8℃. The average temperatures of the southwestern low altitude river valley regions are still above 10℃ even during the coldest time of the year locally in mid-January. You could say that autumn is followed by spring, and there is no winter throughout the year.

冬至日外出中國古代對冬至很重視，冬至被當作一個較大節(jié)日，曾有“冬至大如年”的說法，而且有慶賀冬至的習俗。人們認為：過了冬至，白晝一天比一天長，陽氣回升，是一個節(jié)氣循環(huán)的開始，也是一個吉日，應(yīng)該慶賀。

Great importance was attached to going out on the day of winter solstice in ancient China. Winter solstice was a relatively large festival. There was once a saying that said “winter solstice is as grand as the Spring Festival”. There was also a custom of celebrating the winter solstice. People believed that: days grew longer and the energy (qi) of Yang increased again after the winter solstice. It was the beginning of another solar term cycle, and also an auspicious day that should be celebrated.

冬至日是一年中白天時間最短的一天，過了冬至以后，太陽直射點逐漸向北移動，北半球白天逐漸變長，夜間逐漸變短，有俗話說，“吃了冬至面，一天長一線。冬至開始“數(shù)九”，冬至日成了“數(shù)九”的第一天。關(guān)于“數(shù)九”，民間流傳著的歌謠說：“一九、二九不出手，三九、四九冰上走，五九、六九沿河看柳，七九河開，八九燕來，九九加一九，耕牛遍地走。”

The day of the winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. The point where the sun directly shines gradually moves north after the winter solstice. The days in the northern hemisphere gradually lengthen and nights gradually shorten. There is an old saying that goes, “Days become longer each day after eating winter solstice noodles.” Following the winter solstice, many places in China go through the coldest period, which is called in Chinese, “Shu Jiu”, meaning counting nine. “Shu Jiu” consists of nine Nine-Day Periods. The day of the winter solstice is the first day of the “Shu Jiu”. There is a folk song handed down among the people about the “Shu Jiu” or Counting Nine: “It is too cold to take your hands out form your pockets during the first and second nine days. Walk on ice during the third and fourth nine days. Enjoy the willow trees along the river on the fifth and sixth nine days. Rivers flow during the seventh nine days. Swallows come back during the eighth nine days. Farm cattle work in the field everywhere during the ninth and tenth nine days.”

節(jié)氣習俗

冬至俗稱“冬節(jié)”。

The winter solstice is also called dongjie , meaning winter festival.

北方吃水餃

People in the North Eat Dumplings

每年冬至，不論貧富，餃子是必不可少的節(jié)日飯。諺云：“十一月，冬至到，家家戶戶吃水餃�！边@種習俗，是因紀念“醫(yī)圣”張仲景冬至舍藥留下的。

Whether rich or poor, dumplings are an indispensable holiday food on the day of winter solstice . There is a saying that goes: “All families eat dumplings when winter solstice arrives in the eleventh lunar month.” This custom has been preserved in order to commemorate the “medical sage” Zhang Zhongjing who donated medicine to the poor on the winter solstice.

各地在冬至時有不同的風俗，但多數(shù)地方有冬至吃餃子的習俗。冬至經(jīng)過數(shù)千年發(fā)展，形成了獨特的節(jié)令食文化，吃餃子成為多數(shù)中國人冬至的風俗。

Different places have different customs during the winter solstice. However, a majority of places have a custom of eating dumplings on the winter solstice. A distinctive seasonal dining culture has formed during the winter solstice over the course of thousands of years of development. Eating dumplings has become a winter solstice custom for the majority of Chinese people.

南方吃湯圓

People in the South Eat Glutinous Rice Flour Balls

漢族民諺云：“冬節(jié)大如年”、“冬節(jié)沒返沒祖宗”。意思是外出的人，到冬至這一天無論如何要趕回家敬拜祖宗，否則就是沒有祖家觀念。海峽兩岸的同胞，都很看重冬至，把冬至當作團圓節(jié)。

A Han Chinese folk proverb says: “Winter solstice is as grand as the Spring Festival” and “If you don’t return home on the winter solstice, you have no reverence to your ancestors”. What it means is that people away from home have to return home by all possible means to praise and worship their ancestors on the winter solstice. Otherwise, they do not have the concept of ancestor veneration in their minds. People in the Mainland and Taiwan both highly value the winter solstice, and regard it as a festival of reunion.

廣東潮汕的人們吃了冬節(jié)圓后，還要在家宅的門、窗、桌、櫥、梯、床等顯眼處粘附兩粒冬節(jié)圓，甚至漁家的船首，農(nóng)戶耕牛的牛角，果農(nóng)種植的果樹也不例外�，F(xiàn)代臺灣著名學者林再復(fù)在《閩南人》一書中描述臺灣冬節(jié)之日“家家戶戶清晨要以冬至圓仔致祭祖先……從大門、小門、窗門、倉門、床、柜、桌、井、廁、牛舍、豬舍都得以冬至圓一二粒在上面，祭告一番，以求保佑一家大小平安”。

After eating winter solstice rice balls the people of the Chaoshan Area in Guangdong Province also adhere two winter solstice rice balls on the highly visible areas of their homes like doors, windows, tables, cabinets, stairs, and beds. They even adhere them to the bows of the boats of fisherman’s families, the horns of the farming cattle of peasant households, and the fruit trees grown by fruit farmers. The famous modern Taiwanese scholar Lin Zaifu in his book “The People of Minnan” described a winter festival day in Taiwan: “All families have to offer winter solstice rice balls to their ancestors in the morning....From the large gate, small gate, windows, granary doors, beds, cabinets, tables, wells, restrooms, to ox tails, and pig tails, all have one or two winter solstice rice balls on them. They are offered in order to request their ancestors to bless, protect, and ensure the safety of the members of the family.”

吃餛飩

Eating wontons

蘇州人習慣在冬至吃餛飩。根據(jù)歷史傳說，在2500年前的冬至時節(jié)，吳國國王厭倦了各類珍饈，想換個口味。為滿足吳王的心愿，西施去廚房做了一碗餛飩。吳王很喜歡，吃了一大碗。為了紀念西施，蘇州人會在冬至做餛飩慶祝節(jié)日。

People in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, are accustomed to eating wontons in midwinter. According to legend, during the midwinter feast 2,500 years ago, the King of Wu was disgusted with all kinds of costly foods and wanted to eat something different. Then, the beauty Xishi came into the kitchen to make "wontons" to honor the king's wish. He ate a lot and liked the food very much. To commemorate Xishi, the people of Suzhou made wontons the official food to celebrate the festival.

吃堅果類食物

Eating nuts

冬天時戶外活動減少，在這段時期，吃一些諸如花生、核桃、栗子等堅果類食物對身體大有好處。堅果類食物有養(yǎng)腎強心腦的功能。

When midwinter comes, vital movement begins to decline and calm down. In this period, eating an appropriate amount of nuts, such as peanuts, walnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts and almonds, is good for one's body. Traditional Chinese medical science teaches that the quality of a nut is tepidity and most nuts have the function of nourishing the kidneys and strengthening the brain and heart.

吃羊肉粉湯

Eating mutton and vermicelli soup

在寧夏銀川，大家稱冬至為“鬼節(jié)”，這天的習俗是吃羊肉粉湯餃子。此外，他們還給這道美味起了個古怪的名字“頭腦”。粉湯餃子做好后還要給鄰居端上一碗。

In Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui autonomous region, people call midwinter the "Ghost Festival". On that day, it is customary for people there to drink mutton and vermicelli soup and eat the dumplings in the soup. They give the midwinter soup a strange name: "brain" and share it with their neighbors.

吃年糕

Eating rice cakes

杭州居民有冬至吃年糕的傳統(tǒng)。過去家家戶戶都會在冬至到來前制作年糕來供奉先人或者饋贈親友。

During the Winter Solstice, Hangzhou residents traditionally eat rice cakes. In the past, before the approach of the Winter Solstice, every household would make the cakes to worship their ancestors or use as gifts for relatives and friends.

染素梅

Color in Plum Blossoms

畫一枝素梅，枝上畫梅花九朵，每朵梅花九個花瓣，共八十一瓣，代表「數(shù)九寒天」的八十一天。每天用顏色染上梅花的一朵花瓣，涂完九朵梅花，就出「九」了。

Draw a plum blossom tree with nine plum blossoms. Draw nine flower petals on each plum blossom for a total of 81 petals to represent the 81 days of the “Cold Days of the Nine Periods”. Color in one petal every day. You will exit the “Nine Periods” when all of the plum blossoms are colored in.

有詩人云：「冬至后，貼梅花一枝于窗間，佳人曉妝，日以胭脂日圖一圈，八十一圈既足，變作杏花，即暖回矣。」美人梳妝時用胭脂點染梅圖，八十一天后，素梅化紅杏，春意喧鬧，頗有雅趣。

A poet wrote: “Draw a branch of plain plum blossoms on the window after the winter solstice. When a beauty applies make up, she colors in one petal with rouge each day. It is complete after 81 petals. Warmth has returned when the plum blossoms transform into apricot blossoms.” A beautiful woman would use rouge to color in a picture of plum blossoms when applying makeup. The plum blossoms become apricot blossoms after 81 days. The excitement of the beginning of spring possesses quite an elegant charm.

描書法

Trace in Calligraphy

繁體字「亭前垂柳珍重待春風」，九字每字九劃，共八十一劃。從冬至開始每天按筆畫描一筆，這句話都描完時，垂柳青青，春風涼爽，春回大地。

The nine traditional characters “亭前垂柳珍重待春風” is a poetic line meaning that the willow trees in front of the pavilion waiting for balmy spring breezes Each character has nine strokes for a total of 81 strokes in all the nine characters. Trace in each stroke every day starting on the winter solstice. Weeping willows are green, spring breezes are pleasantly cool, and spring has returned when the verse line is fully traced in.

當然，也可根據(jù)天氣情況按不同的顏色描，晴為紅，陰為黑，雨為藍，風為黃，落雪則白。全部涂完色彩斑斕，記錄著冬去春來的過程。

Of course, the characters can be traced in with different colors according to weather conditions. Clear skies are red. Cloudy skies are black. Rain is blue. Wind is yellow. Falling snow is white. The colors are gorgeous when all characters are traced in, and indeed record the process of spring arriving after winter.

冬至養(yǎng)生

針灸通穴

冬至是陰陽二氣的自然轉(zhuǎn)化，這個陰陽交接的時候艾灸神闕穴是激發(fā)身體陽氣上升的最佳時間。在冬至前后四天，加上冬至這一天共九天中，可以通過用艾條灸神闕穴的方法養(yǎng)生。把艾條點著后以肚臍為中心，熏灼肚臍周圍就可以了。注意不要燙到皮膚，有溫熱的感覺即可。每天一次，每次15—20分鐘。

Winter solstice is the natural transformation of the two energies (qi) of Yin and Yang. It is the best time to stimulate the Shenque acupuncture reflex point using the moxibustion therapy to increase the energy (qi) of Yang in the body. The moxibustion acupuncture therapy is adopted to preserve health during the total of nine days on the respective four days before and after winter solstice in addition to the day of the winter solstice. Light the moxa stick, and with the belly button as the center, heat the area surrounding the belly button. Make sure not to burn the skin. A warm sensation is enough. Do this once a day for 15-20 minutes each session.

神闕穴是五臟六腑之本，為任脈、沖脈循行之地、元氣歸藏之根，為連接人體先天與后天之要穴。艾灸神闕穴可益氣補陽，溫腎健脾，祛風除濕，溫陽救逆，溫通經(jīng)絡(luò)，調(diào)和氣血，對身體非常有好處，甚至會使人第二年都少生病。

According to the acupuncture theory, Shenque acupuncture point is the basis of the internal organs of the body, the places where the Ren channels and Chong channels circulate, the root of the Primoridal energy (yuanqi), and the crucial acupuncture reflex point for connecting the congenital and acquired qi of the human body. The moxibustion of Shenque acupuncture point can tonify vital energy (qi), recuperate Yang, warm the kidneys, strengthen the spleen, relieve rheumatic pains, get rid of internal dampness, warm Yang and the meridians, and regulate energy (qi) and blood. It is said to be fairly beneficial for the body, and even able to lessen the number of times people fall ill in the following year.

晚間泡腳

中醫(yī)認為，人體中的寒氣是由大地經(jīng)足部進入人體的，因此，多泡腳可有效幫助女性保暖。但泡腳一定要堅持，不可三天打漁兩天曬網(wǎng)，只有長期堅持，才能起到保健養(yǎng)生、防寒保暖的功效。

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the cold energy (qi) in the body enter the body through the feet from the ground. Hence, soaking one’s feet in hot water can effectively help women to stay warm. However, be sure to be consistent from beginning to end in soaking one’s feet in hot water. You cannot work by fits and starts. Only by remaining consistent for a long period of time can this technique produce a health maintaining, cold resisting, and warmth retaining effect.

詩詞鑒賞

邯鄲冬至夜思家

白居易

邯鄲驛里逢冬至，

抱膝燈前影伴身。

想得家中夜深坐，

還應(yīng)說著遠行人。

Thinking of Home on Winter Solstice Night at Handan

Bai Juyi

At roadside inn I pass the Winter Solstice Day,

Clasping my knees, my shadow is my company,

I think, till dead of night my family would stay,

And talk about the poor lonely wayfaring me.

（許淵沖譯）

小至

杜甫

天時人事日相催，

冬至陽生春又來。

刺繡五紋添弱線，

吹葭六琯動浮灰。

岸容待臘將舒柳，

山意沖寒欲放梅。

云物不殊鄉(xiāng)國異，

教兒且覆掌中杯。

Winter Solstice

Du Fu

Heaven and earth press for a change from day to day;

On winter solstice spring will come without delay.

The embroiderer adds in an hour one more thread;

When six reed pipes are blown, up and down ashes spread.

The rivershores wait to be greened by willow trees;

The coldproof mountain sets mume blossoms at release.

The scenery here looks fine as in our homeland;

I tell my son to drink up the cup in his hand.

（許淵沖、許明譯）

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